Medellín, November 2009 Boniface VIII
Boniface VIII was born in Anagni in 1235 and died in Rome in 1303. His name was Benedict Gaetani and descended from a large English family. Thanks to their intelligence and financial resources both studied canon law at Bologna and Paris.
His life before he became Pope was made within the Catholic Church. Pope Nicholas IV had appointed Cardinal late in 1291. We say that tardíamentand because Benedict Gaetani was a master of intrigue and an ambitious man of temporal power and distinction. Dead
Nicholas IV, his succession was much debated. The conclave took two years, during which Benedict Gaetani was always the leading candidate of the faction that wanted a pope again left the nobility, a banker and a manager, ie a king. However the conclave was decided by the monk Pietro di Murrone, who took the name of Celestine V. Celestino
never been prepared to handle the power and to defend against the intrigues of the slander and corruption. He was also muy naive. He saw his rival Benedict Gaetani a potential enemy, but instead a kind and wise man and appointed him his adviser.
During his five months of his pontificate, Celestino was harassed by Gaetani, who directly and indirectly made him see his inability to handle the great task of the Church. It is said that at night creating voices that came into the bedroom of Celestine in the form of divine apparitions, which they told the Pope that he should resign because he was doing much damage the church and was going to go for hell. Celestino
only withstood the direct and indirect psychological pressure for five months to the end ofwho resigned his pontificate, to return to their lives in the crows, in the midst of poverty and loneliness.
The conclave to elect Celestine had lasted two years. The conclave to name Benedict Gaetani lasted ten days. Celestino had not the slightest option of returning to his old monastic life, because his former subordinate, now Pope, he immediately returned the papal seat to Rome and forced to accompany him Celestino. He was later accused of betraying the Church, says jailed and ordered his death in a brutal manner, sticking a nail in hishead.
So far the new pope, who now no longer called Boniface VIII Benedict but was suspected of several crimes: corruption, Simon, disloyalty to his boss, authority abuse and murder.
The confrontation with King Philip IV the Fair of France.
The confrontation started when the French king, in need of funds to the war he had with England, sought to pay tribute to the French clergy.
Pope disagrees and defends itself by issuing the February 25, 1296 the Bull "Clericis Laity" which prohibited the charging of fees to the clergy by the political powers without the consentimiento papal. This bull was ignored by Felipe who responded by issuing a series of edicts by prohibiting both lay, as ecclesiastical, the export of products to Rome, forcing Bonifacio to sign an agreement for recognizing the French king the power to set taxes to the clergy in cases of extreme need and without prior permission of the pope.
In 1301 there was another clash between the pope and the king, when the pope created the new diocese of Pamiers, in southern France, settling in Elah Bernardo de Saisset. King Philip uncomfortable with this decision, arrested and charged Saisset alttreason. Bonifacio
then issues the bull "Ausculta Fillies" which calls Philip and the French a council of bishops held in Rome, for the first of November 1302, to define in a definitive manner the relationship between the temporal and the Church.
King prohibited the attendance of the French bishops. Boniface VIII in response produced his most famous papal bull called Unam Sanctam ", which followed the line of his predecessors and consolidated the fatal theory, existing to this day, that" The Church is one, holy, Catholic, Apostolic and Roman, out ofwhich there is no salvation. " By the way decided that human governments are given by God and as he was the legal representative, it was he who decided who could be governor and who is not.
"... there are two governments, the spiritual and temporal, and both belong to the Church. The one is in the hand of the Pope and the other in the hand of kings, but the Kings can not make use of it rather than by the Church, according to the order and with the permission of the Pope. If you turn the temporal power should be straightened by the spiritual power (...) Therefore, we declare, say, decide and pronounce that it is absolutely necessary for salvation, that every creaturehuman is subject to the Roman pontiff. "
The pope excommunicated anyone who was not subject to Rome. In response, the French bishop William of Nogarett excommunicated all who were subject to the Roman Pontiff, so at that time everyone was excomulagado.
Nogaret William who was in Italy and the Italian enemies of Boniface, the Colonna family, attacked the Pope's summer residence, which had been located in Anagni. The mutineers seized him. For three days Bonifacio remained a prisoner in her home, where he received all sorts of insults and grievances. However, the peopleAgnani took the house and forced the rebels to flee.
Boniface returned to Rome where he died a month later, on October 11, 1303, without being able to take action against the rebels. Anagni
's attack was the sign of the impotence of Boniface VIII to deal with Philip the Fair of France, who opened the fourteenth century for the Church, in which it was at the mercy of the French kings, the that caused the transfer of the papacy to Avignon. The conclave that elected the successor of Boniface was locked in a chapel, surrounded by the army of Philip, who did not allow the entry of food to the Cardinals, until &; Eacute; hese nominate their candidate. The pontificate of Boniface VIII represents the beginning of the end of the claim of universal dominion of the Catholic Church against the monarchical powers of Europe.
The Bull Unam Sanctam is one of the most controversial Bulls history. For many Catholics today and yesterday was a blessing, as it gave priority to the power of the papacy over any other earthly power, but for others it is a shame to have had a pope like é , ste. Moreover, the bull was very intimidating, as any human being to save had to be recorded on the books of the Roman Church, ie had to haveer a baptism certificate. This gave the church a break on the economic front, since these services have always been paid. On the other hand, was institutionalized infant baptism, since whether a newborn child could not be baptized, could not get salvation, and come from a Catholic family.
Similarly, humans from all over the world who had not heard the gospel of salvation were banished. This served to institutionalize the famous missions.
When the English decided to force Jews to convert to Catholicism, the bood or bad, were complying fully instructed by the bull.
They could use violence to death for converting to a Jewish Christian, anyway if he became was given the option to save himself, if he died in the attempt evangelist, not lost ; to nothing, because in fact he was already dead before the attempt at evangelization.
The Inquisition and the persecution of the Catholic kings the Jews, who may have been similar or worse than Hitler, was entirely justified in the Bull "Unam Sanctam."
When the English and Portuguese arrived in the new world, and they were passedhead that were sin or committing a crime, each time killing a native who would not let convert to Catholicism. Also happened in the Philippines and Africa and not only was Spain who acted in this way, but all conquering countries that had great influence of the Catholic Church, including Italy.
Although today many Catholics think like Boniface VIII, others have been corrected and no longer considered wise to preach that "outside the Roman Catholic Church there is no salvation."
Par
end again let's quote a part of the famous bull:
"... a true universal Church, fuwas that absolutely no one is safe ... "Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam, Nov. 18. 1302, ex cathedra: "By Faith animated are forced to believe and to hold the one, holy, Catholic Church and that, apostolic, and we firmly believe and simply confess this Church outside of which there is no salvation No nor remission of sin ... Furthermore, we declare, we proclaim, we define it is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff. "
also mention that is Simon:
" Sin consisting the deliberate desire to buy or sell at a price a temporary thingspiritual or attached to something spiritual. "
One final note. Not all have been like Popes Boniface VIII, nor as Celestine V. If the Church now take stock of which one served the church as an entity use whatever earthly and temporal, there is no doubt that the answer is that it was Bonifacio. Although many flaws and corrupt and criminal minded, strong bases gave the church to remain in power in the West from 1300 until today. Part of the Organization and financial power of the Church grew down the mandate of the Pope, who incidentally was is and will be controversial. Some love it and others hate it. Juan
Fernando Sanin
Inglés translation
Medellín, November of 2009
Boniface VIII
I Was Born in Anagni in 1235 and Died in Rome in 1303. His Name Was Benedict Gaetani and I go down of an important English family. Thanks to historical intelligence and historical right canonical Economic Resource Studio in Bologna as much as in Paris. His previous life
Pope to Be Carried out it in the breast of the Catholic Church. Had the Pope Nicholas IV belatedly named him Cardinal in 1291. It is Said That Because belatedly WAS Benedict Gaetani alsways a teacher of the intrigue and an Ambitious man of the temporary power and the Distinctions. Dead
Nicholas IV, historical succession WASvery debate. The conclave Last Two Years, Which Those DURING WAS Benedict Gaetani always the main candidate of the faction That wanted to Pope of the Nobility, a banker, an administrator, it is to say, a king. Nevertheless the conclave opted for the monk Pietro Murrone Who Took the name of Celestine V. Celestino
Had Never Been Prepared to manage the power and to Defend Himself of the intrigues, of the slander and of the Corruption. He Was Also very ingenuous. I Did not See In His rival Benedict Gaetani to a Potential Enemy, But Rather The Contrary on I saw him like a wise man and named him historical consultant. Düring historical
five months of pontificate, Celestino WAS harassed by Gaetani Who in direct form and insinuation made to see him to manage historical ineptitudethe great enterprise of the Church. It is Said That Gaetani nights at Voices That created Arrived at the bedroom of Celestino, in form of divine Appearances, Which to the Pope Told That Should Give Up Because He Was harming a lot of to the Church and That I left to go for the hell. Celestino
only resist this pressure and Psychological direct insinuation DURING five months, at the end of Which Gave up STI pontificate, with the purpose of Returning to His Life in the caves, Amid the Poverty and the solitude.
The conclave to choose Celestino Had Lasted two years. The conclave to name Benedict Gaetani Lasted ten days. Celestino minimum Did not Have the option of Returning To His old monastic life, Because His old one subordinate, now Pope, returned Immediatelythe papal headquarters to Rome and Celestino Forced to Accompany him to Rome. Later on, I Celestino Accused of betrayal to the Church. Imprisoned Celestino Bonifacio VIII and it is commented, That I ordered Celestino's death in a brutal form, nailing a nail him in the head.
here Until the new Pope, Benedict But No Longer Called Boniface VIII, WAS suspicious of Several Crimes: corruption, simonism, infidelity to His boss, murder and abuse of Authority.
The confrontation with Philip IV the Beautiful one
The confrontation Begins When the French king, needful of Economic resources for Maintained That the war with England, sought to make pay to the French Clergy.
The Pope Does not Agree and have Defends emitting, February of 1296,25 the bull "Clericis Lay" for the One That Prohibited the collection of rates to the Clergy on the part of the Political Powers the papal Without Consent. This bull WAS Ignored Felipe Who Answered by emitting a series of bans for Those That Was prohibitive, so much to laic as to Ecclesiastical, the export of products to Rome, forcing Bonifacio to sign an agreement "for the French king Which Recognized the imperium of fixing tributes to the Clergy in Cases of extreme Necessity and Without the pontiff's previous HAVING AUTHORIZATION. In 1301 it is
produce new fight Between the Pope and the king, When the Pope created the new bishopric of Pamiers, in the south of France, Placing in it to Bernardo of Saisset. The King Did not like this decision and Arrested Saisset and high Accused him of betrayal. Bonifacio
Emits the bull then "Ausculta Fillies" the One That summons Philip and the French bishopric to a council to take place in Rome, for the first of November of 1302, with the purpose of defining in a definitive way the Relationship Between That and the temporary power of the Church. The king Prohibited
the Attendance of the French bishops. In answer Boniface VIII Produced call historical famous papal bull "Unam Sanctam", in Which Followed the line of His Predecessors and the fateful theory Consolidated, Effective Until Our Days, That "The church is one, Saint, Catholic, Apostolic and Roman , outside of the one Which There is Not salvation. "In addition, I have decided That the humann Are Given governments for heaven's sake And That He Was as the legal Representative, Who Decides He Was Who and Who Could Be ruling not.
"... two governments, the spiritual and the temporary one exist, and Both belong to the Church. The one is in the Pope's hand and the Other One in the hand of the kings, But The kings not can make use of it more Than for the Church, According To the order and with the Pope's permission. If the temporary power twists, it Should Be straightened by the spiritual power (...) THEREFORE, we declare, we say, we decide and we Pronounce That it is of absolute Necessity to Be Saved That All human creature is subject to the Roman pontiff. "
The Pope excommunicated all That person not was subject to Rome. Inanswer, the French bishop excommunicated William of Nogarett to All Those That Were subject to the Roman pontiff, For What That moment in Everybody Was excommunicated. William of Nogaret
That Was in Italy and the Italian enemies of Bonifacio, the Colonna family, Assault the Pope's summer residence That Had Been Located in Anagni. The revolutionaries Captured him. Düring prisoner three days Bonifacio Remained in His house, where, I Receive All type of Offense. Nevertheless, the town of Agnani Took the house and people Forced the rebels to escape.
Boniface returned to Rome WHERE I Died Later one month, October of 1303, 11, Without HAVING Been Able to take actions Against the rebels.
The attack of Anagni, Was the sample of thand impotence of Boniface VIII to make in front of Philip the Beautiful of France. Felipe inaugurate the XIV century for the Church, in Which This Was at the mercy of the French kings, What Caused the transfer of the papacy from Avignon to. The conclave to choose the successor of Boniface WAS locked in a chapel, surround by Philip's army Who Did not allow the entrance of food to the Cardinals, Until These historical named candidate. The pontificate of Boniface VIII Represents The Principles of the end of the pretense of universal domain of the Catholic Church in front of the monarchic Powers of Europe.
The bull Unam Sanctam bulls is one of the more controversial of the history. For Many Catholics, today and yesterday, it Was a blessing, in the measure in That He Gave supremacyand to the power of the Papacy about Any Other earthly power, for although it is a shame Other to Have Had a Pope like this. On the Other Hand, the bull was very intimidating, sincere human being and Stock, to Be Able to Be Saved Had To Be inscribed in the books of the Roman Church, That is to say, Each One Had to Have a record of baptism. This bull Gave to the church to respiration in the Economic part, sincere Were All These services always paid. On the Other Hand, The Baptism of infants WAS Institutionalized, sincere if a newly born child Was Not Able To Be Baptized, he / she not could get the salvation, events he / she meat from a Catholic family.
Equally, the Humans of all parts of the world That Had Not Heard of the gospel of the salvation Were exiled. The above-Mentioned was good for the institutional creation of the famous catholic missions. When the spaniards
Decided to force the Jews to Become to the Catholicism, to the good ones or the bad ones, They Were in a correct way Completing That the bull ordered. They
Until the Violence Could use the death to transform a jew Into christian, in all the jew Ways Became Converted if I Had Given the option of salvation, if He Died in the evangelizing intent, Nothing was lost, Because He Was Already in fact- Dead Before The intent evangelism.
The Inquisition and the persecution of the catholic kings to the jews That It Could Have Been Worse That similar or That of Hitler, WAS Completely Justified in the bull "Unam Sanctam."
When the English and Portuguese conquerors arrIvedo to the new world, none of Them They Were Considered sinning or making a crime, Each Time That They Kill a native one, That Did not allow to Become to the Catholicism. Equally it Happened in Philippines and in Africa and Spain it Who Was Not only ACTED this way, But all the Conquering Countries That Had Great Influence of the catholic church, as Italy. Although
Many Catholics today think as Boniface VIII, rectified and Others Have They No Longer Consider That sage to preach "outside of the Roman Catholic Church Salvation is Not There." To finish finish
mention let Another Part of the famous bull :
".... an universal Church of the Faithful ones Outside of That absolutely nobody is except for & hellip; Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam, Nov. 18. 1302, former cathedra: "For We Are Encouraged Faith Forced to believe and to Maintain the one, saint, and That Catholic Church, Apostolic, and Firmly we believe and we Simply Admit this Church Outside of That There Are Not Any Neither salvation without remission ... Also, we declare, we Proclaim, That we define it is absolutely NECESSARY for the salvation That all human creature is subject to the Roman Pontiff. "
Also
Let us mention That it is simonism:
" Without That Consists on the word deliberate will of to buy or to sell for a temporary price to spiritual thing to Something old or spiritual. "
Not all the Popes Boniface VIII as Have Been, Neith Celestine V.If today a balance in the Church of Which Was Made of Both served basis to the church more like earthly and temporary entity, Doubt That There Is Not The Answer Is That It Was Bonifacio. Although with Many Defects and with a corrupt and criminal mentality, I Gave solid foundation to the church to stay in power in the west from 1300 Until Our Days. He left the organization and Financial power of the Church as we know today. Boniface VIII will continue Being very controversial. Some Other loves him and hates him. Juan Fernando Sanin
